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增值环节
Small manufacturers were backed up by local clusters and networks which were in turn part of global value-added chains.
The PRESIDENT said that Panel 2 of the Forum on Sustainable Industrial Development would examine whether and how the globalization of value-added chains in an increasing number of industries could promote industrialization in developing countries and economies in transition, and how a sustainable process of industrial growth beneficial to all parties could be initiated.
As enterprises look to all countries to gain advantages in production, developing countries can be integrated into new emerging global or regional value-added chains in compliance with each country's best ability to produce.
However, those countries have not been able to translate this into wider and deeper "productive" capacity, but instead have remained stuck on the lower rungs of the value-added chains of a multi-billion dollar global business.
The more complex growth issues have to do with the tradable part of the global economy, where global aggregate demand - and the derived demand that lands in various places in global supply or value-added chains - is the target of competition.
In order to address technological problems faced by enterprises participating in particular productive value-added chains (e.g. textiles-clothing, steel-mechanics, wood-pulp, paper-printing), specific incentive mechanisms were developed to stimulate enterprises to develop high-tech products designed and produced locally.
Helping developing countries to become more standard-makers than standard-takers requires, in short, the improvement of their active participation in the value-added chains.
协助发展中国家成为标准制订者,而不是标准接受者,则需要增加它们对增值链的积极参与。
The primary source of value added for today's manufacturers is at the two ends of the so-called "smile curve" of the value chain, namely, the designing and development of products at the upstream segment and marketing and after-sale services in the downstream segment. Meanwhile, some studies on global value-added chains have shown that, when measured in terms of value added, the share of services as inputs in manufacturing industrial goods for export is significant and expanding particularly in advanced economies with a competitive advantage in skill-intensive services.
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